Volcano Mount Vesusius Essays - Volcanology, Mount Somma

Spring of gushing lava Mount Vesusius Mount Vesuvius is a spring of gushing lava situated in southern Italy, close to the cove of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the main dynamic spring of gushing lava on the European territory. Vesuvius ascends to a tallness of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is likely the most well known fountain of liquid magma on earth, and is one of the most hazardous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-spring of gushing lava comprising of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was worked inside a highest point caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has shaped in the course of the most recent 25,000 years by methods for a succession of emissions of variable touchiness, going from the peaceful magma outpourings that described a significant part of the most recent movement (for instance from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the touchy Plinian ejections, including the one that pulverized Pompeii and executed a great many individuals in 79 A.D. At any rate seven Plinian ejections have been recognized in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was gone before by a significant stretch of quietness, which on account of the 79 A.D. emission kept going around 700 years. These ejections were taken care of by thick water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that seem to have separated in shallow crustal conditions. They are accepted to have gradually filled a store where separation was driven by compositional convection. A base profundity of around 3 km was construed for the highest point of the magmatic store from mineral equilibria of changeable carbonate ejecta (2). Liquid incorporations ([CO.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]O-[CO.sub.2]) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and knobs show a catching weight of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at around 1200 [degrees]C, recommending that these minerals solidified at profundities of 4 to 10 km (3). The separated magma part was about 30% of the all out magma in the repository, and a volume of around 2 to 3 [km.sup.3] was surmised for the repository (4). The magma rising to the surface happened through a course of conceivably 70 to 100 m in distance across (5). A warm model predicts that such a repository ought to contain a center of mostly liquid magma (6) that can be recognized by high-goals seismic tomography. The most punctual outcropping volcanic stores go back to around 25,000 years prior. The magmas saw at a - 1125 m drill opening are around 0,3-0,5 million years of age. It is known for the principal emission of which an observer account is safeguarded, in 79 AD. Topographically, Vesuvio is one of a kind for its unordinary adaptability. Its movement running from Hawaiian-style arrival of fluid magma, fountaining and magma lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian action to fiercely touchy, plinian occasions that produce pyroclastic streams and floods. Vesuvius is a mind boggling spring of gushing lava. An unpredictable fountain of liquid magma is a broad gathering of spatially, transiently, and hereditarily related major and minor [volcanic] focuses with there related magma streams and pyroclastic streams. Vesuvius has a long history. The most seasoned dated stone from the fountain of liquid magma is around 300,000 years of age. It was gathered from an all around penetrated close to the fountain of liquid magma and was presumably part of the Somma spring of gushing lava. After Somma fallen around 17,000 years back, Vesuvius started to frame. Four kinds of ejection have been reported: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) occasions with across the board air fall and major pyroclastic floods and streams; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, all the more tolerably measured emissions (AD 472, 1631) with substantial tephra falls around the spring of gushing lava and pyroclastic streams and floods; c) little to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian e jections (various occasions during the 1631-1944 cycle, for example, 1906 and 1944) with neighborhood overwhelming tephra falls and significant magma streams and little pyroclastic torrential slides limited to the dynamic cone itself. The fourth sort it is the littlest of all emission types saw at Vesuvio. It is the tenacious Strombolian to Hawaiian style emission that describes practically the entirety of an eruptive sub-cycle, for example, was the situation during the period 1913-1944. Action of this sort is for the most part confined to the focal cavity where at least one intracrateral cones structure, and to the sides of the cone. Magma streams from the highest point cavity or from the sub terminal vents stretch out past the cone's base. A to some degree specific sort of relentless action is the moderate arrival of a lot of magma from sub terminal breaks to frame thick heaps of magma with minimal sidelong augmentation, such

The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria The popular Lighthouse of Alexandria, called Pharos, was worked around 250 B.C. to assist sailors with exploring the harbor of Alexandria in Egypt. It was really a wonder of building, remaining in any event 400 feet tall, making it probably the tallest structure in the old world. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was likewise determinedly constructed, standing tall for more than 1,500 years, until it was at long last toppled by tremors around 1375 A.D. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was remarkable and thought about one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Reason The city of Alexandria was established in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great. Situated in Egypt, only 20 miles west of the Nile River, Alexandria was flawlessly arranged to turn into a significant Mediterranean port, helping the city to thrive. Before long, Alexandria got one of the most significant urban areas of the old world, known far and wide for its well known library. The main hindrance was that sailors thought that it was hard to maintain a strategic distance from the stones and shores when drawing nearer Alexandria’s harbor. To help with that, just as to offer an extremely fantastic expression, Ptolemy Soter (Alexander the Great’s replacement) requested a beacon to be manufactured. This was to be the main structure at any point manufactured exclusively to be a beacon. It was to take roughly 40 years for the Lighthouse at Alexandria to be constructed, at long last being done around 250 B.C. Design There’s a ton we don’t think about the Lighthouse of Alexandria, yet we do comprehend what it resembled. Since the Lighthouse was a symbol of Alexandria, its picture showed up in numerous spots, remembering for antiquated coins. Planned by Sostrates of Knidos, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was a strikingly tall structure. Situated on the eastern finish of the island of Pharos close to the passageway of Alexandria’s harbor, the Lighthouse was soon itself called â€Å"Pharos.† The Lighthouse was at any rate 450 feet high and made of three areas. The bottommost area was square and held government workplaces and pens. The center segment was an octagon and held an overhang where visitors could sit, appreciate the view, and be served refreshments. The top area was barrel shaped and held the fire that was persistently lit to guard sailors. At the top was a huge sculpture of Poseidon, the Greek divine force of the ocean. Incredibly, inside this goliath beacon was a spiraling slope that hinted at the highest point of the bottommost segment. This permitted ponies and wagons to convey supplies to the top segments. It is obscure what precisely was utilized to make the fire at the highest point of the Lighthouse. Wood was impossible since it was rare in the district. Whatever was utilized, the light was powerful †sailors could without much of a stretch see the light from miles away and could in this manner discover their path securely to port. Pulverization The Lighthouse of Alexandria represented 1,500 years - a surprising number considering it was an emptied out structure the stature of a 40-story building. Curiously, most beacons today look like the shape and structure of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. At last, the Lighthouse outlasted the Greek and Roman domains. It was then consumed into the Arab realm, however its significance melted away when Egypt’s capital was moved from Alexandria to Cairo. Having guarded sailors for quite a long time, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was at last pulverized by a tremor at some point around 1375 A.D. A portion of its squares were taken and used to assemble a stronghold for the ruler of Egypt; others fell into the sea. In 1994, French classicist Jean Yves Empereur, of the French National Research Center,â investigated the harbor of Alexandria and found at any rate a couple of these squares still in the water. Sources Curlee, Lynn. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Atheneum Books, 2002.Silverberg, Robert. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.

How to Do a Research Paper Fast

How to Do a Research Paper FastThe first question you need to ask yourself when looking for ideas about how to do a research paper fast is: what am I really trying to achieve? You might be too ambitious and ask for a research paper, which is so incredibly long that it makes the average essay look short. That, however, is not the case and you should remember that any kind of study material needs to have some kind of good basic content that can stand on its own.If you want to make it in your career or for your school paper then you will need to have a good foundation to build on. Your thesis or topic has to have enough content to give you information you need to know. Once you have this knowledge, you can come up with good topics for your research paper that will have you covering all the bases.Abstracts are also very important. Having an abstract means that you are asking for someone to read your research paper and compare your topic to others that have already been published. This sh ould be taken in a formal way, as you will need to see if you are writing something that can stand out above the rest. Of course, you do not want to waste time doing an abstract which will end up being ignored.A good idea is to start writing about the type of paper you want. It might not be the best idea to write about this topic based on a book or website that you are reading about it. Instead, you should do a research about the topic before you begin writing. This way, you will know exactly what you want and this will give you a little more freedom as to how to do a research paper fast.The other great idea for writing your paper is to write your outline. You need to give yourself a deadline for each part of your paper and you can either use this time to write your outline or you can follow the outline with each part of your paper. This will ensure that the same content is covered for each section of your paper. For example, you might use a one-page summary and then cover each sect ion of your paper in turn.Your next step is to brainstorm. This is where you look at all the different topics that you have researched and then you find ideas for what each topic is about. It might be a good idea to not do this all at once but instead, focus on one or two topics at a time.When you are finished, make sure that you have written enough to get your point across and have covered all the bases. This means that you should not waste your time looking up information that you already know. This is why a good idea is to look up a website or book and then do research on the topic that it covers. Then, you will have a base to start from when you are looking at your own topic.When you think about how to do a research paper fast, you have to make sure that you have covered all the bases. Even if you have looked up a reference in a book or website, it is still essential that you have enough information to get your point across. This way, you can write a report that is clear writing .

Steroids Are Drugs Containing Hormones Or Similar Substances

Steroids or anabolic steroids are drugs containing hormones or similar substances, which are used to increase strength and grow muscles (Donald Talmadge 1998). When first developed in Europe in the 30s, they were used to treat under-nourished patients and induce their healing after surgery. It was in the 50s that competitive weightlifters discovered steroids to improve athletic performance. Athletes of other sports took after them, so that gradually, at least one out of15 male high school seniors in the US has used the drugs. Some of them just want to increase strength and size, while others want to grow up faster to catch up with peers. Anabolic steroids can be bought over the counter in some countries, but a doctor’s prescription is required in the United States (Donald Talmadge). Like other hormones, steroids are synthesized in the cells of an endocrine gland, secreted into the blood stream and then travel to the target organs (Scovell 2004). Their hydrophobic nature makes a muscle cell store more nitrogen, which facilitates muscle growth. They are rela ted to the male sex hormone, androgen. Although it is illegal to keep or distribute these drugs for non-medical purposes, many professional and amateur athletes take them to improve performance. The danger appears to lie specifically in the un-regulated dosage. Athletes take as many as 100 times the prescribed or regulated dose for medical use. This exposes the users to both short-term and long-term healthShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance1609 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence to improve strength or endurance. The use of drugs and other substances has persisted for nearly a century. Ergogenic aids are used to improve an athlete’s performance in as many ways as possible. This includes:  § Physiological aids  § Nutritional aids  § Mechanical aids  § Pharmacological/ hormonal aids  § Psychological aids The purpose of all these different substances, training advantages is as they give an improvedRead MoreAdolescence And Its Effects On Adult Behavior Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescence is a turbulent time in every individual’s life, containing marked behavioral and biological changes as the brain rapidly develops into its mature form. This period overlaps with puberty, the process of attaining sexual maturation, and throughout its progression intricate differences between the two sexes are revealed that were not previously apparent. (Spear, 2000; TEXTBOOK) It is thought that adolescence is a necessary process, a period of transition through which individuals prepareRead MoreDrug Classification System ( Atc )904 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 30, 2016 Drugs In pharmacology, a pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into groups of related drugs that have similarRead More The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports Essay3446 Words   |  14 PagesThe Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports One of the major issues in the news recently has been the use of performance enhancing substances in sports. This topic has been the subject of many front-page headlines in many publications, from sports magazines to newspapers. A recent scandal involving a San Francisco Bay Area laboratory, BALCO Laboratories, has brought this issue to the forefront, and its really gotten a lot of attention because this case has led to a 42 count federalRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs And Supplements Plague The Athletic Playing Field Worldwide2011 Words   |  9 Pageswin, is real; it is embodied by the usage of performance enhancing drugs. Blood doping increases the count of red blood cells in the body, anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of muscle and strengthen the bones, and stimulants increase alertness, competitiveness, aggressiveness and reduce fatigue. All of these materials have clear benefits but the health implications are still very present. Many cases of injury from these su bstances have consequences as serious as death. Athletes worldwide put theirRead MoreErgogenic Aids Essay3570 Words   |  15 PagesErgogenic aids are substances or devices that enhance energy production, for use for recovery and provide athletes with a competitive advantage. Numerous ergogenic aids claim to enhance sports performance and are used by amateur and professional athletes. Approximately 50 percent of the general population has reported taking some form of dietary supplements, while 76 to 100 percent of athletes in some sports are reported to use them. Physicians can evaluate these products by examining four factorsRead MoreAloe : Plant, Burn Aloe, Aloe2007 Words   |  9 Pagesthe plant from animal consumption. Gel - Containing 99% water and 1% glucomannans (a type of water-soluble fibre), amino acids (building blocks of protein), lipids (fats), sterols (solid steroids found in plant/animal fats, eg.cholesterol) and vitamins. This clear gel is what is useful to humans. It is comprised of two parts: Mucilage Gel – The outer part of the gel collected for the production of aloe gel. Inner Gel – The inner part of the gel containing amino acids. Scent: The plant and its gelRead MoreThe Importance Of Access For Safe And Abundant Clean Water1934 Words   |  8 Pagescontaminants on the water supply. Close to 70% of Americans take at least one prescription drug, and that number has been steadily increasing over the past several decades1. With this high level of ingestion of both prescription and over the counter medications, consideration of the total lifetime effect of pharmaceuticals in the environment is paramount. After consumption or disposal of medications, the drugs typically accrue in the water supply. Once in environmental waters, these potent chemicalsRead More The Miracle Cure or Nightmare Drug? Essay3213 Words   |  13 PagesThe Miracle Cure or Nightmare Drug? I. Introduction It is pretty safe to say that the majority of the population, if given the opportunity, would like to be in good physical shape. For men it’s the perfect â€Å"V† shape, with muscles so finely sculpted, Michelangelo himself would be hard-pressed to mold a finer figure out of clay. For women, the desired look is the â€Å"hour glass† figure, with voluptuous breasts, thin and firm abs, and sharply defined legs. Of all those who desire to haveRead MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesadaptability) B. Growth – over a lifetime, organisms grow larger through an increase in size or number of cells. Differentiation is when cells have specialized functions C. Reproduction – Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement – Organisms are capable of movement a. Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through environment E. Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions

Where Do Alcoholic Beverages Come From

The alcohol that you can drink, called ethyl alcohol or ethanol, is produced by fermenting carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches. Fermentation is an anaerobic process used by yeast to convert sugars into energy. Ethanol and carbon dioxide are waste products of the reaction. The reaction for the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide is: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH 2CO2 The fermented product (e.g., wine) can be used, or it can be distilled to concentrate and purify the alcohol (e.g., vodka, tequila). Where Does Alcohol Come From? Just about any plant matter can be used to produce alcohol. Here are the source materials for several popular alcoholic beverages: Ale:  Fermented from malt with hopsBeer:  Brewed and fermented from malted cereal grain (e.g., barley), flavored with hopsBourbon:  Whiskey distilled from a mash of not less than 51 percent corn and aged in new charred oak barrels for at least two yearsBrandy:  Distilled from wine or fermented fruit juiceCognac:  Brandy distilled from white wine from a specific region of FranceGin:  Distilled or redistilled neutral grain spirits from a variety of sources, flavored with juniper berries and other aromaticsRum:  Distilled from a sugarcane product such as molasses or sugarcane juiceSake:  Produced by a brewing process using riceScotch:  Whiskey distilled in Scotland typically from malted barleyTequila:  A Mexican liquor distilled from blue agaveVodka:  Distilled from a mash of potatoes, rye, or wheatWhiskey:  Distilled from a mash of grain such as rye, corn, or barleyWine:  Fermented juice of fresh grapes and/or other fruit (e.g., blackberry wine) Any material that contains sugars or starches could be used as a starting point for fermentation to produce alcohol. Difference Between Distilled Spirits and Fermented Beverages Although all alcohol is produced from fermentation, some beverages are further purified via distillation. Fermented beverages are consumed as is, possibly after filtration to remove sediments. The fermentation of grain (beer) and grapes (wine) can produce other byproducts, including toxic methanol, but they are present in low enough amounts that they dont typically cause health problems.   Distilled beverages, called spirits, start out as fermented beverages, but then distillation occurs. The liquid is heated at a carefully controlled temperature to separate components of the mixture based on their boiling points. The portion that boils at a lower temperature than ethanol is called the heads. Methanol is one of the components removed with the heads. The ethanol boils next, to be recovered and bottled. At a higher temperature, the tails boil. Some of the tails may be included in the final product because these chemicals add unique flavor. Sometimes additional ingredients (coloring and flavoring) are added to distilled spirits to make the final product. Fermented beverages usually have a lower alcohol content than spirits. A typical spirit is 80 proof, which is 40 percent alcohol by volume. Distillation may be considered a method of improving the purity of alcohol and of concentrating it. However, because water and ethanol form an azeotrope, 100 percent pure alcohol cant be obtained by simple distillation. The highest purity of ethanol that can be obtained by distillation is called absolute alcohol.

Analysis Of The Book What Every Environmentalist Needs...

Student Name: Huanbing Zhang Student Number: 999611503 JGE 331 Book Review (what every environmentalist needs to know about capitalism) To begin this critical review of this book, the brief and precise introduction and summary of the whole book is needed before discussing with the authors’ main arguments. However, this book is mainly emphasizing the magic relations between the capitalism and current environmental problems. In the other words, while there are some people who argued that the capitalism thinking is necessarily required for addressing all of the problem, not just environmental ones, human are encountering the authors argued for the opposite side of that, especially in terms of such all of environmental issues that the authors have listed in chapter one as â€Å"rapid speed of the melting glacier, ocean acidification due to the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, loss of biodiversity, ground water pollution and deplete, changed natural land pattern†(p. 14), the capitalism instead is a rooted problem that makes these environmental issues worse. Following that, the authors gave the enough amounts of evidences explaining why capitalism thinking changed the way in which people lived from getting natural resources for their basic necessity to unlimited calling for the never enough for luxury life. Therefore, as the needs for natural resources grew infinitely the authors thought that it is no doubt that the environmental issues would be worse with capitalism thinkingShow MoreRelated`` This Changes Everything : Capitalism Vs. The Climate ``1799 Words   |  8 Pagesattempts with her book â€Å"This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate†, attempts to reboot contemporary thinking around this notion. The author is an award-winning activist journalist and author of the world s best bestsellers No logo, no space, no choice, no work and Shock Doctrine. How Modern Capitalism Uses Natural Disasters and Social Crises. She is engaged with several liberal magazines, including Rolling Ston e and The Guardian. â€Å"This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate†Read MoreAn Analysis Of Naomi Klein s Writing On Climatic Change Versus Capitalism1988 Words   |  8 Pageshas changed the thoughts and beliefs of quite some people in her book This Changes Everything. Her writing on climatic change versus capitalism has transformed many people’s mindsets through the various solutions that she has provided. Naomi points out many helpful solutions in her book, but then not all of them are useful to the people as discussed. The cause of this uncertainty is the provision of incomplete information in her book. However, there are some critiques of her writing which includeRead MoreThis Changes Everything Book Analysis. â€Å"This Changes Everything:1980 Words   |  8 PagesThis Changes Everything Book Analysis â€Å"This Changes Everything: Capitalism Vs The Climate† is written by Naomi Klein and explores the devastating effects of climate change and how people worldwide are refusing to take action to fix it. The main topics that the book covers include the way that people look away from climate change issues to serve their own needs. She also covers how the Government has not bothered to tackle the issues of climate change due to the greed and selfishness that humans holdRead MoreThe 1988 Free Trade Agreement1931 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1988 free trade agreement with the United States of America is to ask a complicated question that is likely to garner a different answer from each respondent. The best that one can do when analyzing the multitude of components that led to this agreement is to eliminate any pre-conceived notions that they may hold about liberalized trade, and attempt to objectively assess the issues that this country faced in the years leading up to 1988. Free trad e between Canada and the US is likely one of theRead MoreEssay on Should Polluters Pay For Polluting? 1998 Words   |  8 PagesThesis: If polluters are harming the environment, the pollution is a moral danger to the ecosystem and should be resolved. If polluters can pay economic compensation for their disruption of the environment, this will not necessarily resolve the problems of the environment. Three authors in this essay offer different perspectives on the issue of making polluters pay, their explicit views of this subject are not observably mentioned in their work, just different positions for and against the ideaRead MorePolitical Risk Management and Insurance: A Contextual Comparison12751 Words   |  51 PagesAbstract This dissertations presents concept of political risk in the context of Efficient Market Theory (Hypothesis) and State capitalism. The paper explores the link between the three ways of insuring political risk to economic theories. Using case study of a multinational firm the political regime and its effect has been explored on business situations and how it can be managed. Political risks are the threats arising for a business due to the actions of a host government. Multinational firmsRead MoreTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 PagesMany individuals played an important role in the production of this thesis, and I would like to take this opportunity to note my heartfelt appreciation. First, I am indebted in particular to my entire family; most importantly, Mom; every path I have taken has been to make you proud, and I hope to fulfill your dreams through my shoes. I would also like to thank my sister Michelina, Joel, Dad, Nanny, Ken Jarret, Uncle Ian Aunt Kari, my guardian angel Thomas, Gran my late Grampy–without yourRead MoreEnvironment: Energy Development and Environmental Problems11602 Words   |  47 Pagesemissions today, much of such emissions are from industrial activity from companies owned by rich nations. --Physical location is thus not as important as national ownership. | Ability | It is the rich nations who possess most of the technological know-how and financial means to deal with environmental catastrophe and to research possible alternative energy solutions. It is also the rich nations who are able to most help the developing nations when it comes to coping with the consequences of globalRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pages and answer the following questions. 1. What is the greenhouse effect? 2. How does it relate to climate change? 3. Draw and label the greenhouse effect. 4. Scroll down to the section â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect is Natural. What do we have to do with it?† What are some ways that humans are thought to be contributing to climate change? 5. Scroll down to the section â€Å"Small Average Global Temperature Change can have a Big Impact.† (Do not use the large mapRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesterms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services

Teams are Critical to Organisational Effectiveness

Question: Describe about the Teams are Critical to Organisational Effectiveness? Answer: Introduction: Although few scholars differentiate between the work groups and the work teams, but there is as such no distinction between the two terms. Work teams and groups are composed of atleast two members and sometimes more than two members. Teams are mostly there to perform the tasks organizationally and all the team members have the same goals. The members of the group interact socially and they communicate to make the goals of the organization successful. The members of the team influence each other for the overall improvement in the performance of the individual as well as the organization (Digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu, 2015). A team is a grouping of people where each and every member of the group possesses a certain expertise. The members of the team are capable of individual decision making and they work in mutual understanding towards the betterment of the organization. The purpose of the team is to is to achieve the goal of the organization (Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks, 2015). Teams in a contemporary workplace The organizations day by day are becoming leaner, flatter and more agile. The main job of the organization is to satisfy the needs of the customers. The jobs are becoming too critical with each passing day. The jobs in the organization are becoming time bound and global in nature. These factors are making it difficult for the employees in the organization to work individually on a particular job. The contemporary workplace is seeing the teams as the basic unit of work in the work place. In todays world, the companies are trying deliberately to remain competitive in the business (Glasl and Ballreich, 2015). The companies are deliberately trying to reduce the work force as well as restructuring the organization people and processes. The effectiveness of the teams within the organization is based on the structure of the organization, the contribution of the individual members of the team and the processes of the team. The organizational structure is based on the following areas like specified tasks, adequate resources, distinct roles, suitable leadership, clear purpose, appropriate culture and relevant members. The above structural characteristics are discussed below: Specified tasks- the teams of the organization need to perform specific tasks in the organization and contribute to the organization. The teams need to have purpose, attitude and ability to do a job (Organizational Effectiveness Discovering How to Make It Happen, 2015). The tasks of the teams must be motivating enough and the members of the team must share the responsibility for the achievement. For example a health care team must clearly define the complex and the inter-related patient care regime which each member of the team must perform and address to. Adequate resources- the teams in the organization must be provided with enough resources. The resources can be financial resources, professional education and technical support. The cost for creating and maintaining a team needs to be sufficiently recognized and the adequately resourced. Distinct roles- the roles of the individual members of the team needs to be clarified and as well as understood by all the members. It is also to be kept in mind that the roles of the people in the team are influenced by the individual expectations, interpersonal and organizational factors (MICKAN and RODGER, 2015). The individuals need to settle their roles in the organization so that they are able to perform meaningful and unique tasks; as well the roles of the individuals in the team can be interchanged. Suitable leadership- if the tasks of the team are critical then the team needs to have a leader. The teams stage of progress should be reflected by the Leadership. The leaders need to have a focus on the vision of the company. They should facilitate the setting of the goal, evaluate achievements and educate. The team members become confident enough if the leaders carry out their responsibility properly. Clear purpose- the members of the team needs to have a clear mission statement, a particular behavior and assumptions of the work being undertaken. When the mission statement of the organization are circulated and the members of the team are fully aware of it then only the team will be able motivated and engaged in the work and take forward the goals of the organization. Appropriate culture- the teams of the organizations need to have integration and recognition in the organization (Schroeder, 2015). The organizations on the other hand should clearly define the expectation and the accountability for all the members of the team. The cultural needs of the organization are to transform the shared values of the organization into the behavioral norms. Relevant members- the teams in the organizations should have the right number of people in the team. The members of the team need to have an appropriate mix of the interpersonal skills as well as the urgency of the delivery of the tasks (Member Roles and Team Effectiveness within Large Hospitality Organisations, 2006). There must be a homogenous and a heterogeneous mixture of the skills, backgrounds and the interests is preferred by the company. How the organizations utilize the teams A large number of the organizations embraced the use of teams in the workplace. It is very common to hear that the companies are committed to build a culture which is team based. The companies use their teams for every aspect of their business. They are engaged from process improvement to improving the quality of the products and also to innovate, to develop the products and also corporate celebrations (Innovation in Organisations, 2012). It was seen in an survey that the companies engage the teams on special projects as well as in the handling of the improvements and the innovation tasks. The work of the organization is accomplished by the teams who are seen by the companies as a vehicle for the enhancement of the profitability and the productivity. Obstacles to the organization effectiveness The success of the business or the company is aligned with how far the employees of the company are associated with the strategic goals of the company. To achieve a sustainable effectiveness of the organization the companies must make the teams understand the parts that the individual members of the organization needs to do. The company should also engage the team to various jobs in the organization. The strategic alignment can be achieved by a fit-for purpose model which is capable for an effective people and work culture and system. Every organization despite of the country or the industry seeks effective results which are of superior quality. Several business strategies are built to achieve those. These strategies are centered on the teams who make the goals of the company being fulfilled (Katz and Lazer, 2015). If the structure, leadership, roles and capability of the teams are not aligned then the organizations face trouble in implementing their strategies. The organizations needs to have effective leadership skills which will in turn enable the employees to be more engaged in the work and they are more willing to work for the and help the organization in achieving the goals. It can be said that the teamwork is a complicated phenomenon. The organization needs to be supportive and the individual contribution of the team needs to be realized for an effective team work. Every team needs to have clear purpose in order to be effective. When the mission of the organization is in sync with the purpose of the teams then the teams can be more supported, integrated and resourced (Mealiea and Baltazar, 2015). The team members also need to recognize as well as value their contributions in the team. Once a team has developed a clear structure of their works, they need to maintain that position through clear co-ordination and communication (Team Communication, 2015). Obstacles to the team effectiveness The organization employs the teams in order to boost the effectiveness and the productivity. It needs to be kept in mind that by only putting a team in work does not ensure any productivity or good result. The teams are a complex structure; they are dynamic and thriving entities which completes with problems and personalities of their own. The communication and the relationship issues get magnified as the number of members in the team increases. Even if the teams are not trained, they do not have any vision and goal then it can lead to a disaster for the company. Ineffective communication among the members of the team as well as the company leads to the failure of goals and is considered as one of the many barriers to the effectiveness of the team as well the organization (De Meuse, 2015). Without the effective communication the conflicts remained unresolved and the information did not flow out to the company and the effectiveness of the teams was lost. It is not very fruitful to put a team to work without proper training nd it can ultimately lead to failure of the individual as well as the team. The team leader has certain distinct roles to be performed in the team. The leader must have a vision that is aligned to the companys goals and the leader must motivate the members to function effectively in the team. Poor leadership often leads to derailed efforts of the team. Moreover the lack of clarity off the jobs among the members of the team is another barrier to the success of the team. How the business can be effective Every organization is composed of teams which are permanent or temporary. In some organizations the teams are formed when they are needed. Teams are now an integral part of the organization and they are considered as a vehicle for the productivity and the profitability. The teams which are empowered are more likely to work better than an individual working on the same project. The organizations form the teams for the purpose of solving the problems of the business (Teamwork and high performance work organisation, 2015). The teams need to be properly trained and supported with the resources in order for them to work productively and effectively. Firstly the organizations need to train the members of the team in order to start an effective communication. The communication is very essential for the free flow of information within the team and also outside the organization. The roles of the team members need to be defined properly while a new team is prepared. Secondly the company must e mpower the teams to think on their own so that the teams can accomplish what they want to do and what they want to achieve. They must figure out how they will work together and what the end results will look like (Working Well, 2015). The organization only needs to guide the teams in accomplishing their tasks and needs to motivate them to achieve the goals of the organizations. The company must make the team participate in organizational culture by providing a development process and improving the skills of the team members. With higher productivity the satisfaction of the job also increases. With proper guidance the teams are able to participate in creative decision making, improve in the working relationships and flourishing productivity. This will in turn lead to the effectiveness of the business. Conclusion A team becomes successful when the members of the team learn how to work together and they have acceptable and clear goals (The organisational context for teamwork, 2015). There need to be mutual respect within the members of the team and they cooperate and communicate openly with each other and more often. The teams have the potential to become the most powerful driving force behind the success of the organization. But a highly task oriented team is hardly found and it takes time and proper leadership to mature in to an effective team. Once the teams with in the organization shave a well defined and clear structure, the members of the team needs to maintain that by constant cooperation and coordination (The Critical Role of Teams, 2015). There should be constant education and support given to the team and for the development of the team. The team members need to take joint decisions, they need to properly manage the conflict within the team and the company as well as be more effective. All this criteria needs to be incorporated in the team members so that the team is more effective and the teams can contribute to the effectiveness of the company or the organization. It is also necessary for the organization to build an effective team with specialized and skilled people for the effectiveness of the organization. References De Meuse, K. (2015).DRIVING TEAM EFFECTIVENESS(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.kornferry.com/media/lominger_pdf/teamswhitepaper080409.pdf Digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu,. (2015). Retrieved 3 March 2015, from https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396context=articles Glasl, F., Ballreich, R. (2015).Team and Organisational Development as a Means for Conflict Prevention and Resolution(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2011/2581/pdf/ballreich_glasl_handbook.pdf Innovation in Organisations. (2012) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.inventium.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Innovation-in-Organisations-APS-Shelley-Logan.pdf Katz, N., Lazer, D. (2015).Building effective intra-organizational networks: The role of teams(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/davidlazer/files/papers/Lazer_Katz_Building_Effective.pdf Mealiea, L., Baltazar, R. (2015).A Strategic Guide for Building Effective Teams(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://psykol.org/nos/images/0/0c/Building_effective_teams.pdf Member Roles and Team Effectiveness within Large Hospitality Organisations. (2006) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://vuir.vu.edu.au/418/1/02whole.pdf MICKAN, S., RODGER, S. (2015).Characteristics of effective teams: a literature review(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://tlmerrill.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/85213915/Mickan%20and%20Rodger%20-%20Characteristics%20of%20Effective%20Teams.pdf Organizational Effectiveness Discovering How to Make It Happen. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.right.com/thought-leadership/research/organizational-effectiveness-discovering-how-to-make-it-happen.pdf Schroeder, D. (2015).Organizational Effectiveness(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.right.com/capabilities/organizational-effectiveness/preparing-your-workforce-for-change-a-strategy-for-success.pdf Team Communication. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.johnwiley.com.au/highered/eunson2e/site/downloads/sample_chapter.pdf Teamwork and high performance work organisation. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_files/ewco/reports/TN0507TR01/TN0507TR01.pdf The Critical Role of Teams. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.kenblanchard.com/img/pub/pdf_critical_role_teams.pdf Working Well. (2015) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.comcare.gov.au/forms_and_publications/publications/%20safety_and_prevention/?a=41369 Zaccaro, S., Rittman, ,., Marks, M. (2015).Team leadership(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.qub.ac.uk/elearning/media/Media,264498,en.pdf

10 Classification Essay Topics on Globalization

10 Classification Essay Topics on Globalization Welcome to our first guide, i.e. 10 facts for classification essay on globalization, where you would be looking at 10 facts related to globalization. These facts would become the founding stones of your writing. You’ll use them throughout your classification essay to endorse your content with more knowledge. So make sure you go through them quickly, as you can use them not only to create compelling topics related to globalization, but also expand on them to create full blown essays. As you might know that this manual for writing a classification essay on globalization is based on three guidelines. All of them should be read first before you start writing. We urge you not to skip or skim through the guidelines. Reading them thoroughly will ensure that you have actually composed a well-written classification essay on globalization. All of these guidelines would not only help you to write the essay quickly and effectively, but it will also help you to make it exemplary so your professor or instructor can admire your hard work. Here is what you’ll learn in our second and third guidelines, respectively: Our second guide, 20 classification essay topics on globalization, discusses 20 topics that are relevant to globalization. These topics allow you to start writing on any one of them. We have also provided a short sample essay that would become your best friend throughout the journey of writing your classification essay. Finally, we have discussed the how-to of the composition of classification essay in our third guide, Writing Guide for Classification Essay on Globalization, which is very informative and beneficial for you to read. By reading this guide, you will know the tips and techniques that can beautify your composition and make your essay sublime. With that said, here are the 10 facts on globalization that you need to know: Businesses and organizations have evolved into more productive and innovative firms. But how far can a firm really reach? According to experts, if a business or an organization starts having a global presence, an international influence or operates on an international level it is known as globalization. This is by far, the peak of the mountain for businesses and organizations. Microsoft is one of the greatest examples. According to a study, which was conducted on the rate of GDP aka gross domestic product, it was found that a 1% increase in globalization led to the GDP growth of 0.10-0.15% which can be in billions of dollars. According to a research, conducted during the period of 1990 to 2012, it was concluded that the value of cross-border goods exchange increased drastically. In 1990, the flow of goods was about 6% of all global trade, whereas in 2012, it was about 24%. Do you know why Chinese currency is so undervalued? Youll be shocked to read this but its a fact that the Chinese Government undervalues its currency willingly. In fact, they undervalue it by 40%. This is because it allows them to gain advantage over their foreign competitors, mainly the United States of America. The rivalry between Samsung and Apple is self-explainable. Globally, Samsung has thrived far more than Apple. Many American businesses have gone out-of-business due to this strategy that China plays. Silicon Valley is the place with the highest impact of foreign entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs, who came from abroad, have founded more than 40% of technology and engineering start-ups in just 6 years i.e. from 2006 to 2012 making Silicon Valley the biggest home of entrepreneurs, most of whom are successful today. Singapore owns the more regional head offices than the entire world. If you exclude China from the picture then Singapore alone has more than half of all large foreign subsidiaries that emerge from Asia. Globalization started right after Cold War ended. People, from all around the world, mainly politicians and scholars, took notice that there is a high need for countries to make peace and unite. From there, the phenomenon, we call Globalization, was born as countries joined hand to exchange technology and improve quality of education. Internet has become the sensation for billions of people around the world. But it also become one of the biggest tools to unite the world together, what we originally call globalization. It not only affected societies, religions, cultures, but also improved the economy of countries who took part in it. In a 2013 study, it was found that international e-commerce scored more than $1.2 trillion sales, which is nearly 2% of the worlds GDP. Globalization has helped business gain traffic on the internet as well. For example, the website of NBA earned 54% of the traffic from international visitors. This is why most multinational companies prefer to invest in web localization, so they can reach potential audience that is almost as half of what they have reached in the United States. John Yunk, author of Beyond Borders: Web Globalization Strategies, has stated that for multi-national companies, their growth comes from the international traffic. According to a 25-page long white paper, Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, which came from Goldman Sachs, four countries can have a higher GDP than United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and Germany. These countries are: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). The white paper shows that India has the highest chance to have the biggest GDP by 2040 and Brazil, China and Russia will follow that increment respectively. If that happens, it will cause the world to change dramatically. There you have it! We are certain that these 10 facts have helped you get familiar with what globalization really is and what it does to the world. Since we covered up the facts, it’s time we move onto the next guideline i.e. 20 classification essay topics on globalization. After that, we are going to discuss the how-to of classification essays in our third guide i.e. writing guide for classification essay on globalization, so without further ado, let’s head to the second guideline. References: Kerkel, L.   (2008):   Trade   and   Aid   Policies:   Their   Impact   on   Economic Development   in   Mozambique,   an   earlier version   of   the   paper   published   at   10 The Annual   Conference   on   Global   Economic (Conference   Proceedings,   authors: Pertti Haaparanta and Leena Kerkel) Rà ¼ttimann, B. 2007. Modeling Economic Globalization. A Post-Neoclassic View on Foreign Trade and Competition. Mà ¼nster: Verlagshaus Monsenstein und Vannerdat. Hirst, P., Thompson, G., Bromley, S. (2015). Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A critical introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. Beck, U. (2015). What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012). Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Bhagwati, J. (2007). In defense of globalization: With a new afterword. Oxford University Press.

The Columbine Massacre essays

The Columbine Massacre essays The Columbine high school massacre took place in April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School in Jefferson County near Littleton, Colorado, United States, when two teenage students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, executed a planned attacked, killing 12 other students and a teacher before killing themselves (Wikipedia, 2004). It is believed to be the worst school After the shootings, the media painted a picture of the murderers as outcast "nerds" who were unpopular and teased by much of the school's population (Wikipedia, 2004). However, later reports revealed that both Harris and Klebold had both a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group. It was also revealed that anti-gay epithets were directed at them, although their actual sexual orientation was unknown; both had girlfriends at some point, though. Harris and Klebold were members of a clique called the "Trenchcoat Mafia" in which they wore heavy black trench coats. By the time of the shootings, most of the major members of the group had already either graduated or dropped out of Columbine. Since the murders, there have been a variety of theories attempting to explain why Harris and Klebold committed the crime (Cullen, 2004). A popular theory is that the boys, who were known as the "Trench Coat Mafia outcasts" took revenge against the bullies who had made school miserable for them. A second conclusion is that the massacre was inexplicable: It is impossible to understand what drove them to such horrific violence. However, recently, the FBI and its team of psychiatrists and psychologists came to an entirely different conclusion (Cullen, 2004). These experts say that they understand what motivated Harris and Klebold to execute such a crime, and their explanation is different and more troubling than the two conclusions that were previously most widely believed. Three months after the crime took place, the FBI held a meeting ...

Key Factors that Underpin a Successful Entrepreneurial Team Engaged in Essay

Key Factors that Underpin a Successful Entrepreneurial Team Engaged in Setting up a Business - Essay Example He is also responsible to bring innovation in the business from time to time. All the entrepreneurial activities have to be planned in an effective way for succeeding in the venture. The business plans can range from plans for operation to strategic planning and financial planning. All these plans must be integrated in such a way so that the enterprise could achieve the desired objectives. The various departments should be linked with each other so that a proper coordination can be achieved among them. Nowadays enterprise is not only established by one person but a group of people who have common interest and work for the business. They work as a team in pursuit of the organisational goal. They are the entrepreneurial team. For the success of such type of entrepreneurial teams, every team member must have the qualities of the entrepreneur. They must have the vision, the capacity to arrange the resources and must act as per the plan. Apart from the basic entrepreneurial skills, there are other factors which lead the entrepreneurial teams to success. The success of an entrepreneur or the entrepreneurial team depends upon the success of the enterprise. ... , analysing the competition in the chosen field, analysing the operational work, analysing the human resource requirement, checking the financial viability of the business etc. This is a primary and very important step of setting up a business. Once the business plan is ready the next step is to analyse and take the assistance required for stating the business. The third step is to choose the location of the business. This step requires the analysis of the format of the business and the competitors. The location should be such which could be easily accessible to the customers and the suppli8ers, close to the competitors etc. The next step is to finance the business. This includes arranging the fund for the operations of the venture. Once the finance for the venture is arranged, the next step is to determine the structure of the business. In this step the suitable legal structure is determined according to the government rules and taxation policies and also the viability of the busine ss. The next step is to get the business registered as per the rules and regulations of the state. Once the business is registered, the next step is to register the organisation for the local taxes and the other taxes. After all types of registrations is done one applies for the required licences and permits for operating the business. This is a legal requirement without which an enterprise cannot function in the market. The last step for setting up a new business is to hire the required and efficient human resource needed for the enterprise (US Small Business Administration, No Date). Entrepreneurial process In the previous section the basic steps required for setting up a new business has been discussed. The entrepreneurial process is also to an extent similar to those steps. The

Goldman Sachs Fraud Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Goldman Sachs Fraud Case - Research Paper Example Goldman Sachs Fraud Case Introduction Goldman Sachs defrauded investors by failing to reveal the apparent conflict of interest on mortgage investment it floated as the housing market became sour. The charges that were brought forward by the Securities Exchange Commission against Goldman Sachs argued for unlawful action and fraud in the trading of toxic subprime mortgage derivative securities. Nevertheless, Goldman Sachs affirmed that they were merely following normal business practices and had not committed any wrong. The Goldman Sachs fraud case elicited critical issues centering on the inadequacy of the investment banking practices, and raised the question whether it is a case of deceptive or unethical behavior (Craig & Scannell, 2010). The three-month legal ordeal erased close to $20billion of the firm’s stock-market value. A lively public discussion that followed the charge of Goldman Sachs by SEC centered on whether Goldman Sachs, broadly viewed as an embodiment of bubble -era greed, was also a lawbreaker. Questions emanated on whether Goldman bankers warranted condemnation for deliberately exploiting the naivety of investors to gain from the trading of debt instruments that were bets on a market Goldman Sachs was doomed to collapse (Whalen & Bhala, 2011). Although the transaction entailed in the SEC’s lawsuit can be regarded as small by Goldman Sachs’ standards, its arrangement alludes to weighty questions regarding the fault of the banks in driving up a market within mortgage-derived securities that lingered practically inclined to self-destruction (Buell, 2011). The SEC was asking whether Goldman Sachs gained from both sides in a way that contravened their fiduciary obligation to their customers. The SEC claimed that investors essentially lost over $1billion dollars and that Paulson’s short option debt instrument on the credit instrument derived a profit of more than $1billion (Jones, 2010). Email traffic pointed out that Tour re plus others were aware of the subprime mishap as early as January 2007 before the crisis became full blown. The SEC sought a restriction, disgorgement of profits, and sanctions with regard to interest and civil monetary penalties (Craig & Scannell, 2010). In addition to these charges, criminal prosecutors were exploring whether Goldman Sachs or its employees committed securities fraud with regard to the firm’s mortgage trading. #1 The Fraud Goldman’s case entailed four forms of securities that all played some roles amid the 2008 financial downturn: first, the residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) embodying a form of security derived from pooling of mortgages on residential real-estate into bonds; a credit-default swap (CDS) representing a form of insurance policy; a collateralized debt obligation (CDO) representing a debt security collateralized by debt obligation; and, synthetic CDO’s (SCDOs) equivalent to ordinary to ordinary CDOs excluding that inv estors own CDOs on real securities rather than the real securities themselves. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a civil fraud charge against Goldman Sachs & Co, as well its vice presidents for fraud for misrepresenting information meant for investors by misstating key facts regarding a financial product connected to subprime mortgages at a moment when the housing market within the United States started to crumble and lose value (Buell, 2011).  

Meaning of life - Human Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Human Essay I believe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. Throughout my entire life, I have wondered what the purpose is. Why am I and every other human being even on this planet in the first place? That brings me to my next question. Is there a God? If there is, why did he put us here? Any Christian asked will say our sole purpose is to serve God. First of all, what does that even mean? And second, I must ask why? Why would a supernatural being place us strategically on this planet strictly to serve him? That sounds pretty selfish to me. There has to be something more. Something concrete. Something greater. How could there not be? All my life I have worked hard to succeed. I have challenged myself and fought to do better than my best. Why? I asked myself. Why stress so much when I’m only going to die in the end? Pessimistic, I know. Finally, I thought, maybe the meaning of life doesn’t have to be so complex. Maybe the meaning of life is whatever we want it to be. Maybe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. I do what I do because I want to do it. It’s that simple. I do it because it means something to me. Everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal. The meaning of life is never complex. The meaning of life is actually quite simple to think about. Many people help the needy. Others play sports. Both activities add meaning to those lives involved. Purposes change, but the overall meaning of life will always stay the same. The meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. This I believe.

A Unified Theory of Names Essays -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

A Unified Theory of Names ABSTRACT: Theoreticians of names are currently split into two camps: Fregean and Millian. Fregean theorists hold that names have referent-determining senses that account for such facts as the change of content with the substitution of co-referential names and the meaningfulness of names without bearers. Their enduring problem has been to state these senses. Millian theorists deny that names have senses and take courage from Kripke's arguments that names are rigid designators. If names had senses, it seems that their referents should vary among possible worlds. However, the Millians have the enduring problem of explaining the apparent cognitive content of names. I argue that Mill's original theory, when purged of confusion, provides word-reflexive senses for names. Frege failed to notice senses of this particular sort. Moreover, it is these senses that account for names' rigid designation. When the views of Mill and Frege are understood as complementary, the problems that have faced t he divided theorists of names vanish. The division of terms into connotative and nonconnotative is, according to Mill, one of the distinctions that "go deepest into the nature of language." (1) The importance of this distinction was reaffirmed by Saul Kripke in Naming and Necessity. Kripke followed Mill in holding that proper names must be understood as nonconnotative. To insist on this classification was, on Kripke's view, to reject the powerfully supported view of names that originated with Frege. (2) Since the publication of Kripke's lectures theories of names have come to be thought of as divided into two opposing types-Fregean and Millian. This opposition of theories has impeded the development of a satisfacto... ... (2) Saul A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1980), 26-27. (3) Gottlob Frege, "On Sense and Meaning," in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, 3d ed., ed. Peter Geach and Max Black (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1980), 57. (4) Mill, 34. (5) Ibid., 35. (6) Ibid., 36. (7) Ibid., 37. (8) Ibid., 38. (9) Frege, "On Sense and Meaning," 56. (10) Ibid., 57-58. (11) Ibid., 58n. (12) Ibid., 58. (13) Frege, "On Concept and Object," 46n. (14) Kripke, 68-70. (15) Note that 'the bearer of "Socrates"' is a rigid description, a connotative term, synonymous with the nonconnotative term 'Socrates'. (16) Pauline Jacobson, "The Syntax/Semantics Interface in Categorial Grammar," in The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, ed. Shalom Lappin (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 90.

Freedom of speech from the perspective of mass media, to what extend it has been practiced in Malaysia? Essay

Mass media are means of communications (as newspapers, radio, or television) that is designed to reach the mass of the people1. Besides playing the role to inform individual with news, the media together with a sound legal system and an independent judiciary is part of a triumvirate that is essential for a well-functioning democracy2. In a democratic system of government, mass media is performing a number of essential functions. First, they serve on information or surveillance function. Second, they serve an agenda-setting and interpretation function. Third, they help us to create and maintain connections with various groups in society. Fourth, they help us to socialize and to educate us. Fifth, they persuade us to buy certain items or accept certain ideas. Sixth, they entertain us. Freedom is the power or right to act, speak or think freely. We are now living a media culture and its influence is become very pervasive. The number of hours we spend on the media is mind-boggling. Although the freedom of the media should not be in toto, yet the degree of the freedom of the media will affect the function of the media. Citizens of countries that are democratic see media freedom as a right, not a privilege. Nevertheless, there is no mention of freedom of the press or freedom of the electronic media in our Constitution. However, freedom of media to exercise its role and functions in society has been enshrined as a fundamental human right by way of recognition for the right to freedom of speech, expression and opinion.3 Pre-independence In 1930-1940, there are nearly 80 newspaper and magazines published in the Malay State, such as Utusan Melayu, Saudara, Warta Malaya and Majlis. In Warta Malaya, it published article that talk about the social and economic problems faced by the Malay. However, it did not ask for the British to be chased out. The newspaper, Majlis, discussed the political issues. Majlis not only brings to the awakening and fights for Malays right, their office became the place for the nationalist to meet up and exchange their thoughts. In the newspapers Saudara, there was a column named ‘Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena’ where the Malay readers exchanged their point of view. British was worried on the development of this column and therefore took the step to overseen those who involved in the said column. In view of the number of publications that existed during the time and the situation whereby those newspapers are free to discussed any issues, and the fact that the newspapers has played a vital role in the movement towards independence, we can conclude that under the administration of British, the media was enjoying the freedom of speech. The law on the freedom of speech became clearer during the time prior to independence. Certain law has been introduced to the Malay State. One of the laws which governed the freedom of speech at that time was the Sedition Act 1948. Section 4 of the Act makes it an offence to make, prepare, or to conspire, to do a seditions act, to utter seditious words, and to propagate or import any seditious publications. Section 3 provides that a seditious tendency is one which tends to (a) bring hatred or contempt to the government or excite disaffection against any Ruler or government, (b) excite the countrymen to revolt, (c) bring into hatred or contempt or excites disaffection against administration of justice, (d) raise discontent or disaffection among the countrymen, or (e) promote feelings of ill-will and hostility amongst the inhabitants of the country. Besides, there were two ordinances specifically deal with the printed media at that time, i.e. Printing Press Act 1948 (Ord 12 of 1948) and Control of Imported Publications Act 1958 (Ord 14 of 1955). The former deal with the publisher in the Malay State while the later governing the printed material from other country. Those laws were limiting freedom of speech of the media at the British colonial the light of the freedom of speech only shine at the colonial since 1956, when an attempt to draft a Federal Constitution started. The recommendations were submitted by Reid Commission in 1956-1957 Reports. In the report, there were two paragraphs provides under the title ‘Fundamental Rights’ 161. A Federal Constitution defines and guarantees the right of the Federation and the states; it is usual and in our opinion right that it should also define and guarantee certain fundamental individual right which are generally regarded as essential conditions for a free and democratic way of life. The rights which are recommend should be defined and guaranteed are all firmly established now throughout Malaysia and it may seen unnecessary to give them special protection in the Constitution. But we found in certain quarters vague apprehension about the future. We believe such apprehensions to be unfound, but there can be no objection to guaranteeing these rights subject to limited exceptions in conditions of emergency and we recommend that this should be done†¦.. 162. our recommendations afford means of redress, readily available to any individual, against unlawful infringements of personal liberty in any of its aspects†¦ we further recommend (Art 10) that freedom of speech and expression should be guaranteed to all citizens subject to restrictions in the interest of security, public order or morality or in relation to incitement, defamation or contempt of court†¦ For the Malaysian citizen, the objectives of those who framed the Federal Constitution were but little affected by the epidemic of human rights in the Western world4. It has been observed that the commission’s recommendation on the freedom of speech has been vague, particularly on the importance of the rights. The commission only devoted two paragraphs. The reason why it was so was clear in the paragraph itself. The draft Article 10 in our Constitution was as follow: 10 (1) every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by federal law in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order, or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence. Mr. Justice Abdul Hamid on his note of dissent stated that â€Å"the word ‘reasonable’ wherever it occurs before the word ‘restrictions’ in the three sub-clauses of Article 10 should be omitted. Right to freedom of speech, assembly, and association has been guaranteed subject to restrictions which may be imposed in the interest of security of the country, public order and morality. If the Legislature imposes any restrictions in the interest of the aforesaid matters, considering those restrictions to be reasonable, that legislation should not be challengeable in a court of law on the ground that the restrictions are not reasonable. The Legislature alone should be the judge of what is reasonable under the circumstances. If the word ‘reasonable’ is allowed to stand, every legislation on this subject will be challengeable in court on the ground that the restrictions imposed by the legislature are not reasonable. This will in many cases give rise to conflict between the views of Legislature and the views of the court on the reasonableness of the restrictions. To avoid a situation like that it is better to make the Legislature the judge of the reasonableness of the restrictions. If this is not done the legislatures of the country will not be sure of the state of the law which they will enact. There will always be fear that the court may hold the restrictions imposed by it to be unreasonable. The laws would be lacking in certainty.† Later, when the Constitution comes into force, the Article 10 provides that: (1) subject to clause (2): (a) Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (2) Parliament may by law impose: –   (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of courts, defamation, or incitement to any offence; There are one case regarding to press reported prior to independence i.e. Public Prosecutor v. The Straits Times Press Ltd5 In this case, upon the application of the Public Prosecutor, the Respondents, who are the proprietors of the Straits Times Press Ltd, were alleged contempt in publishing a report of the trial of Tan Seng Ann of the Straits Times dated 5 August 1948. The report appeared which, it is now admitted, was misleading and inaccurate in that it gave the impression, contrary to the facts, that the first step in the proceedings in that case was a voluntary confession by Tan Seng Ann that he was in possession of a fire-arm and that his arrest was made solely as the result of such voluntary confession in the issue. The Notice of Motion having set out the terms of the letter complained of went on to allege inter alia that the criminal case referred to in the letter was sub judice when the letter was published in that an appeal was pending; that the terms of the letter did not constitute a fair or accurate account of the trial nor fair comment thereon; and that its publication tended to prejudice the fair disposal of the proceedings and tended to bring into contempt the administration of justice by that Court. Spenser-Wilkinson J held that: â€Å"†¦I would hesitate to follow too closely the decisions of English Courts on this subject without first considering whether the relevant conditions in England and this country are at all similar. Quite apart from the present emergency in this country, I do not think it could be suggested that the development of the Press, the general standard of education or the composition of the general public in the two countries are at all comparable and it may, therefore, be necessary to take a stricter view here of matters which pertain to the dignity of the Courts and the impartial administration of justice than would be taken at the present time in England.† Newly Independence (1957-1980) At this period, Art 10 Federal Constitution has been amended twice. The first amendment was on 19636 where the words ‘Clause (2) and (3)’ had been substituted for the words ‘clause (2)’ of clause (1) with effect from 16 September 1963.and the words ‘or any part thereof’ were added to the Art10(2)(a). Further, clause (3) which provides that: â€Å"Restrictions on the right to form a associations conferred by paragraph (c) of clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education.† The second amendment was made on 19717 after considering the trouble of May 1969. This time, Clause (4) was added with effect from 10 March 1971. Article 10(4) provides that Parliament may pass laws prohibiting the questioning of four sensitive matters: right to citizenship under Part III of the Constitution; status of the Malay language; position and privileges of the Malays and the native of Sabah and Sarawak; and prerogatives of the Malay Sultans and the Ruling Chiefs of Negeri Sembilan. The constitutional changes enable Parliament to amend the Sedition Act of 1948 in order to add a new definition of ‘seditious tendency’8. The amended sections were: Section 3 (1) A seditious tendency is a tendency (f) To question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal Constitution Section 2 â€Å"seditious† when applied to or used in respect of any act, speech, words, publication or other thing qualifies the act, speech, words, publication or other thing as one having a seditious tendency; Official Secrets Act 1972 is a new law that be introduced at that time. This is the most important statute on government secrecy. The gist of the law is that ‘official secrets’ cannot be received, retained, released or used without prior authorization.9 The Act is drafted in the widest possible terms and is not limited in its operation to spies, saboteurs, traitors and mercenaries. The term ‘official secret’ is not defined in the Act. The courts have given the term the broadest possible definition, and on the generally accepted construction any communication pertaining to the Executive would constitute an offence.10 The right to free speech can be further eclipsed by the special provisions of Art 149 and 150 relating to subversion and emergency. Art 149 authorises legislative action designed to stop or prevent subversion, organized violence and crimes prejudicial to the public. Art 150 permits any legislative action required by reason of emergency. The grounds enumerated above permitting curtailment of free speech are so broad and comprehensive that in 49 years no Act of parliament even been found by the courts to have violated the Constitution. Besides printed media, television was introduced in Malaysia in 1963. The television was under the control of the Department of Broadcasting (RTM). What is apparent is that television and more generally broadcasting in Malaysia was form its inception closely aligned to the government. Both the RTM channel were established via decisions made by the then Alliance coalition government. Because of the circumstances at that time, there was no any specifics rule to govern the broadcasting. One of the cases that being heard at that time was Melan bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor.11 The fact of the case was that On 6 April 1971 the Utusan Melaya newspaper published a report of a talk given by given by Inche Musa Hitam, a prominent Malay leader and member of Parliament, at the National Education Congress held in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.. In the report was an editorial sub-heading, which in the English translation reads: â€Å"Abolish Tamil or Chinese medium schools in this country.† The first appellant was the editor-in-chief of the Utusan Melayu, and the second appellant the author of the sub-heading inserted in the report. Sanction for their prosecution was given under s 5(1) of the Sedition Act 1948, and they were tried in due course in the special sessions court on a charge of publishing a seditious publication in contravention of s 4(1)(C) of the Sedition Act, punishable under the same section. The learned special president held the publication to be seditious, that the first appellant â€Å"was responsible for all publication in the Utusan Melayu†, that the second appellant was the author of the impugned subheading, and that consequently they were both guilty. They were convicted and fined the sum of $500 and $1,000 respectively, in default one month and two months’ imprisonment, both appellant appealed. CJ Ong, on hearing of the appeal accepted the first appellant evidence that he had organised seminars and discussions, relating in particular to the â€Å"sensitive issues† and had instructed his staff on the relevant law as he understood it. He had sponsored a talk to journalists given on this subject in February 1971 by the Attorney General as well as the Solicitor-General. Therefore, the first respondent appeal was allowed. But the court dismissed the second respondent appeal. Another case is Public Prosecutor v Straits Times (Malaya) Bhd.12 The Public Prosecutor applied in this case for leave to issue a writ or writs of attachment for contempt of court on the respondents for publication of articles in The Straits Times. The grounds upon which relief was sought was that â€Å"the publications of the said articles contain matters which are tendentious and constitute contempt of court, because they are prejudicing and embarrassing the applicant in the exercise of his statutory functions and also prejudicing a fair trial concerning the circumstances of the death of one Robert Lee.† Abdul Hamid J held that: ‘I do not think that it is reasonable to construe these words as having any special meaning. There is no dispute that the reports do reveal that there had been an assault, a commotion and firing of a shot and that allegedly, a police officer was involved. But these facts are not challenged. As regards the previous episode encountered by Robert Lee there is nothing to show that this was not true. Further it is not uncommon for newspapers to publish matters concerning scholastic achievement of and other good deeds rendered by a person on his death particularly if the dead person enjoys a certain standing in the community or he is in one way or another related to any prominent personality. For that reason it is unreasonable to isolate certain passages from the reports and construe them unfavourably or to impute improper motive on the publisher. What may appear to be an embarrassment or prejudicial if that part is read in isolation may not be so if the reports are read as a whole taking into account the circumstances surrounding such publication particularly if it relates to a matter which will promote public sensation or a matter of unusual occurrence.† The application was therefore dismissed. Malaysia under Tun Dr. Mahathir (1981-2002) Over this period, more laws are introduced and come into force to govern the media. In 1984, Printing Presses and Publications Act came into force on the 1st of September 1984 as a consolidating Act, and in turn repealed the Printing Presses Act 1948 and the Control of Imported Publications Act 1958. The Act is designed ‘to regulate the use of printing, presses and the printing, importation, production, reproduction, publishing and distribution of publications and for matters connected there with’. Through such control, the government uses it power to determine what it is the public has a right to know, or exactly what form freedom of speech should take13. This is an Act designed clearly to ensure that the press does not get out of line, imposes both a system of licensing and censorship14. Section 3 of the Act makes it mandatory to obtain a license to own a printing press. The Minister has absolute discretion on giving, refusing, and revoking a license15. Further, judicial review of the Minister’s discretion is not allowed16 and the Minister is not required to give the parties a prior hearing17. The period of the license is 12 months or shorter period as minister specifies18. This means that all publishers in this country must suffer the pangs of uncertainty about whether their permit will be renewed for the following year. There is less control of what may be written in foreign publications, controls have been exercised through deliberate delay in distribution and sometimes outright ban on their sale where officials deemed reports to be offensive or inaccurate19. In 1988, another law governing the media came into force on 1st August i.e. The Broadcasting Act 1988. The preamble to the Act states: ‘An act to provide for the control of broadcasting services and for matters connected therewith’. The Act is both stringent and inflexible. It bestows enormous powers on the government to determine the type of television made available to the Malaysian public. In the midst of the supposed ‘deregulation’ of broadcasting, the Act now gives the Minister of Information virtually total powers to determine who will and who will not broadcast and the nature of the broadcast material. Under the Act, any potential broadcaster would need to apply for a licence from the minister beforehand. Later, the Act was amended on October 1996. By the amendment, this already-stringent piece of legislation were aimed at taking into account the introduction of new services, such as cable and satellite television, satellite radio, pay TV and video-on demand. Due to the drastic development in the electronic media, the Legislature has to repeal the old Telecommunication Act 1950 and the Broadcasting Act 1988 and introduced a new law which is the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. The Act’s breakthrough was to bring together the previously disparate industries of broadcasting, telecommunications and internet services combined under legislation and more importantly, one regulator the Communications and Multimedia commission.20 The Communication and Multimedia Act brings to the creation of Communication and Multimedia Commission Act 1998. the Communication and Multimedia Commission performing several functions including advising the Minister all matters concerning the national policy objectives for communication and multimedia activities and implementing and enforcing the provisions of the communications and multimedia law. Interestingly, Information Malaysia 1980-81 and Information Malaysia 1985 revealed that between 1981 and 1985 alone, the number of titles of local newspapers, magazines, and journals in circulation increased from 56 to 10221. However, the increase in number cannot be the proof supporting the allegation that during that time, the media was enjoying freedom of speech. There are some facts that we should not forget. In 1987, during the Operasi Lalang, a number of newspapers were closed by the government22. Later, Harakah being categorizes as publications of political parties meant for party members and there is law forbids the publication being openly sold to the public. Besides, Barisan Nasional owned and controlled major Malaysian media organization. Further, prior to Dato Seri Anwar’s sacking, expulsion, and detention, the editor of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian, and the director of operations of TV3 were forced to resign because they were allied to Anwar. In 1990, there was a case of Aliran Kesedaran23 In this case, the respondents had applied for a permit under s 6(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 to print and publish in Bahasa Malaysia a magazine under the name and style of Seruan Aliran. The application was refused by the Minister of Home Affairs. The respondents applied for an order of certiorari to remove into the High Court for the purpose of quashing the decision of the Minister and for an order of mandamus directing the Minister to hear and determine the application for the permit according to law. The High Court made an order quashing the decision of the Minister and ordered that the Minister shall hear and determine according to law the application for the permit. The appellant appealed. The court allowing the appeal and held that; ‘Section 12(2) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Minister of Home Affairs ‘absolute discretion to refuse an application for a license or permit’. So unless it can be clearly established that the Minister for Home Affairs had in any way exercised his discretion wrongfully, unfairly, dishonestly or in bad faith, the High Court cannot question the discretion of the Minister.† One of the significant cases during this period was the case of Irene Fernandez. The facts were that in 1995, Tenaganita released a report documenting beatings, sexual violence against detainees by prison guards, and inadequate food and water in Malaysia’s immigration detention camp. Irene Fernandez was arrested and charged with malicious publication of false news under the Printing Presses and Publications Act. Magistrate Juliana Mohamed found Irene guilty and was sentence to one year imprison. Current Situation (2003-2006) Between these periods of time, there is no any new law designed to control the media. However, recently, Government has released the Media Council Bill (2006) which seeks to ameliorate some of the worst excess of the Printing Presses and Publications Act in regard to the local media. On page 4 of the Bill, it was stated: â€Å"An Act to establish the Malaysian Press Council for the purpose of preserving, promoting and protecting the freedom of the Press, of maintaining and improving the ethical and professional journalistic standards of newspapers, press publications and news/press agencies in Malaysia.† Nevertheless, there is fear in public that this piece of legislation will create another unnecessary public body with wide powers to curb press freedom despite its apparent duty to uphold that right. It might also act as a censorship board, only dealing with complaints against the press organisations and journalists and not against denial of freedom of expression by other entities such as ministers or organisations whose actions effectively suppress the right of freedom of expression. Besides, bear in mind that all the laws governing the media before this are still firmly in place and the main stream media also continue to be owned by interests directly or indirectly tied to the main component parties of the BN, especially UMNO and MCA. Some incidents happened during this time of period, showing to us that despite of the changes of the head of the Government, the media are not freer compared to the years before. The government shut down the Sarawak tribune for the editors made a mistake of reprinting caricatures of Prophet Muhammad following Muslim protests of a Danish paper that first published them. Another incident was that the Minister of Information, Datuk Zainuddin had sought the sacking of top NST editor at a meeting of UMNO’s information bureau because he was unhappy with the way the NST had played up certain issues such as the religious rights of minorities and the government’s policy on bumiputras.24 The government also delays in reviewing the publishing permit of the Oriental Daily and censor certain news that the government were not comfortable with. Moreover, the debate on Ninth Malaysia Plan was given wide publicity in the media, but it was the official view and rationale for the Plan that enjoyed one-sided coverage. The leader of the opposition who spoke foe six hours on the Plan did not get any substantive coverage.25 Another issue was that Tun Dr. Mahathir had called a press conference to express his deep disappointment after Datuk Seri Abdullah dismissed the ‘crooked bridge’ project. However, the mainstream media hardly covered it. Conclusions The freedom of the media has seen become more restrictive from the time prior to independence until now. At the early day, the British Colonial has a freer media compare to the media after independence. This might be because of the British regarded the individual freedom as up most important. When came to the early day after independence, the laws being designed were more restricted. However, this was understandable as the situation at that time, where Malaysia was in an Emergency. Unmindful speech might cause riot to the nation. Therefore, the government had to take step to prevent this. In 1970-1985, there was more cases on freedom of speech, after the stand of the courts are clear in these issues, there was lesser cases. During the time frame from 1981 to 2002, many laws were designed and many existing laws were amended. Tun Dr. Mahathir tried to justify this by saying that: ‘the truth is that there is no absolute press freedom anywhere in the world, be it in a liberal democratic country or in countries governed by dictators.†26 He further claimed that journalists and foreigners read a few newspapers which support the government and immediately concluded that there is no press freedom in Malaysia. This was in conjunction with his view points that: â€Å"Malaysian newspapers are free. But this freedom does not mean freedom to criticize the government alone. It also means freedom to support the government.†27 Further in Tun Dr. Mahathir speech at the national union of Journalists dinner on 15th June 1990, he stated that: ‘According to an old English proverb, power corrupt and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely. If there are restrictions on press freedom, especially pertaining to reports on violence, sex and obscenity, then they are imposed because no one should be given absolute power. This is to prevent the possibility of ‘absolute corruption’. This constraint no way suggests there is no press freedom in Malaysia. Government leaders in this country have no absolute power. The people can change the government while the courts can reverse government decisions. Therefore, newspapers in Malaysia must accept these restrictions. This is done in the national interest and not aimed at destroying press freedom†. It is true that freedom of the media has to be limited but over limiting will only result to a closed society. Looking at the current situation, many are thinking that the new government would promote media freedom in view of the government transparency policy. However, one should bear in mind that since Datuk Seri Abdullah took over the government until today, it was only three years passed. It is unfair to judge him at this moment. Whether or not there is free media under Datuk Seri Abdullah, we shall wait and see. Comparing to our nearest neighbor, Singapore, media in Malaysia enjoy more freedom. Singapore as a police state, the press is mobilized to explain and support the policies of the Singapore government, as an aid to development rather than assuming a counter-checking posture. In Chee Siok Chin case28, the Singapore court held that: â€Å"it bears emphasis that the phrase ‘necessary or expedient’ confers on Parliament an extremely wide discretionary power and remit that permits a multifarious and multifaceted approach towards achieving any of the purposes specified in Art 14(2) of the constitution. In contrast to the Indian Constitution, there can be no questioning of whether the Legislations are ‘reasonable’. The court’s sole task, when a constitutional challenge is advanced, is to ascertain whether an impugned law is within the purview of any of the permissible restrictions.† As for electronic media, the media Corporation of Singapore, an evolution from a series of government owned broadcast Corporations, dominances the broadcasting media. The PAP government guards the broadcast turf with rigour, grudgingly allowing foreigner broadcasters to operate for commercial and public relations reasons but legislating them off local politics. Today, Malaysian society has an economic level of existence which provides for basic needs, health facilities, adequate housing and equal opportunities to education. Therefore, there is no reason why freedom of speech and free media should be restricted. Values of freedom of expression, exposure to critical thinking and the importance of a civil society should be emphasizes. 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